Stereotypes And Stereotypes Of The Media - 2214 Words

Stereotypes are inaccurate depictions of a certain group of people based off a cliche addressed to them by anyone. This natural act which often feeds off of implicit biases that are unconsciously brought about by many aspects from past experiences to the environment you are within. Whether these ideas advertised by the media are used to fuel desires for the â€Å"greater good† or used to instil hate within a community, they have been a part of society for generations. Research and instances throughout the media support the fact that the media does promulgate stereotypes in a negative manner and therefore should be discouraged and fought against to improve conditions for individuals worldwide. The first thing that must be addressed is what a stereotype exactly is and dive into why they are so prevalent. In short, stereotypes are shortcuts that allow your brain to make a quick judgments based on visible characteristics such as (but not confined to) gender, race, or age. One of the most important themes used in social environments are stereotypes which act to depict common opinions within a certain group about people outside their circle. It improves relationships within the group by creating something they can agree on. They are internalized during social interaction. They can be a result of our own observations or from the influence of significant others, such as family, friends, teachers and media. While they can be innocent thoughts like assuming a senior citizen needs helpShow MoreRelatedStereotypes And Stereotypes Of The Media997 Words   |  4 Pagesbitch.† said Bette Davis. Stereotype is one of the big issue in our world right now. This quote refers to one of the categories of stereotype that is gender stereotype. As an chinese indonesian I have some experience of being stereotyped just because of my race. The media has 2 side view of media, on the one side it helps people educate about stereotype and on the other side it also promotes stereotype.Stereotype is something that needs to stop, this is because stereotype gives people a misinterpretationRead MoreStereotypes And Stereotypes Of The Media1734 Words   |  7 PagesIn our media-intensive culture, it is not difficult to find different opinions as well as stereotypes. Stereotypes are found in the media every day and affect our opinion as well as how we perceive others. Stereotypes of the GLBT community in the media are most commonly found in movies or in TV shows but they rarely talk about their sexual identity. When their identity is being portrayed, it is shown with some form of stereotype. The identity of the homosexual seems to stem from a stereotype itself;Read MoreStereotypes And Stereotypes Of Western Media1459 Words   |  6 PagesStereotypes have the ability to put a person down. To make them feel as if they do not belong. In this cruel society, there is an image being portrayed of every individual. Ethnicity, race, religion, gender, and many more. This image many not describe who you are as an individual, but it is how you are judged by this barbarous world. As more Chinese people came to America, the more they were stereotyped. They did not have the same advantages and treatment as the majority. They were lookedRead MoreStereotypes Of The Media1153 Words   |  5 PagesThe media has a huge influence on young people today it is a huge influence because it is about the stereotypes that they are using and how the use it. They use it to make you think that teens are always bad and doing bad things like partying getting drunk doing drugs etc in this essay I will be writing about the 2 stereo types the first one is going to be the plastics and th e other one is jock from glee. Stereotypes are used in films to help change the media and make them think about others differentlyRead MoreStereotypes in the Media2436 Words   |  10 Pagesand Ethnicity Professor Herman October 25, 2010 Over the past couple of decades the usage of offensive stereotypes have played a big role in popular films, TV shows, music videos, and comedy routines today. In fact one can only argue that these offensive stereotypes have increased considerably and will only continue to grow. There are many reasons as to why these stereotypes have only increased and have led to the creators of these films making millions and millions of dollars. The mainRead MoreMass Media and Stereotypes710 Words   |  3 Pages Mass media plays an important role of stereotypes in our present-day world, by broadcasting information and entertainment to a variety of audiences. Stereotypes act like codes that give audiences a common understanding of a person or group of people. Media ranges from television, press, books, radio, and the internet. Media propaganda is the other form of media that is described as manipulation. It is a powerful factor that influences our beliefs and attitudes about others. Race, gender, and economicRead MoreStereotypes And Perceptions Of The Media Essay1917 Words   |  8 Pages Stereotypes in Media Ta’Kendra Elbert Indiana University  ¥ What is a stereotype that is used in the media? What are the consequences of those stereotypes? Use examples to illustrate your points. Support with research.  The United States is often referred to as a â€Å"melting pot†; a place where people of all races, genders, and colors can live together and have the same opportunities. That sounds good, but it’s not always how things necessarily pan out. There are drawbacks that come fromRead MoreGender Stereotypes In The Media1207 Words   |  5 Pages Gender Stereotypes are everywhere in the world. This paper will focus on the formation of Gender stereotypes through different media sources. The media sources that will be used include television shows, movies and magazines. Thus the paper will also explore the effect that gender stereotyping may have on development of a person’s social and individual identity. There were many different media sources that I used to see where Gender Stereotypes were predominant. First of all I reviewed differentRead MoreGender Stereotypes In The Media1391 Words   |  6 PagesGender stereotypes are everywhere. Even before we can understand what this means, people are constantly exposed to them through advertisements, toys, clothes, and the media including television shows and movies. To evaluate the prevalence of gender stereotypes in television programs targeted towards young children, I chose to watch four different shows called Phineas and Ferb, Little Einsteins, Horrid Henry, and Sofia the First. When picking what shows to watch, I intentionally selected at leastRead MoreRacial Stereotypes Of The Media Essay1918 Words   |  8 PagesCommunication Nancy Stillwell 11/30/16 A Look at Racial Stereotypes in the Media The media is our way to communicate ideas, feelings, news, entertainment, and anything the heart desires to anywhere and anyone. Our lives revolve around the media. No matter how we feel about it, we are surrounded by it. Unfortunately, as a society that revolves around media, it is hard to be uninfluenced by what we see. We are retaining the information thrown at us by the media whether we realize it or not and it hits everyone

The Universal Theme Of Good Vs. Evil - 1302 Words

The Universal theme of good vs. evil The universal theme of good and evil is one of the most commonly used themes in literature. In literature some writers choose to directly state themes of confidence, while others allow them to indirectly develop. English literature often tends to concern itself more and more with the intended meanings of the work through common stories of good and evil those are holding specific symbolic meanings, whether these meanings represent good or evil, the readers continue to see the true meanings of select works. Writers most often develop works using themes of good and evil, whether they state them symbolically or directly. Readers may determine a theme as an idea, point of view, or perception, embodied and expanded upon in a work. Good and Evil in Terms of Religious Beliefs Good is usually associated with ideas of God. Evil is usually associated with ideas of the devil. When the writer conveys messages of good and evil, they commonly use the symbols of light and dark, or general opposites. Light, remaining the universal symbol of good, may be defined as love, happiness, or even as a heavenly presence. As Opposing to darkness which continues to represent evil as anything threatening, cold hearted, or aggressive. Light tends to expresses a positive affirmation while darkness carries the negative sense of chaos. In the Epic of Gilgamesh there are examples of good vs. evil such as the external values of pagan culture (heroism). Gilgamesh is aShow MoreRelatedGood Vs Evil : `` Something Wicked This Way Comes `` By Ray Bradbury838 Words   |  4 PagesGood Vs Evil In the Novel â€Å"Something Wicked This Way Comes† by Ray Bradbury, the characters support the Universal Theme of â€Å"Good Vs Evil†. The characters are divided into two groups; those who act morally right and are good-hearted, and those who just do not seem to have any sense of empathy and are blinded by selfishness and greed and choose to do harm for no other reason than the thrill of it. The protagonists face a series of battles with themselves and their sense of who they are, as well asRead MoreGood vs. Evil Found in Beowulf807 Words   |  3 PagesGood vs. Evil Found in Beowulf In the story of Beowulf, there are many different themes found. Many people argue the main theme found in this story. This has been argued for a very long time and will go on for many more years to come. Although many themes in this story stick out and a main theme will never be accepted, one main theme is very noticeable in the story of Beowulf. The main theme found in Beowulf is good versus evil. Good versus evil is very easy to recognize. â€Å"Some peopleRead MoreThe Lord Of The Flies1468 Words   |  6 Pagesduring a war. Though the novel is fictional, its exploration of the idea of human evil is at least partly based on Golding’s experience with the real-life violence and brutality of World War II. Free from the rules and structures of civilization and society, the boys on the island in Lord of the Flies descend into savagery. Golding’s experience in World War II had a profound effect on his view of humanity and the evils of which it was capable. Although Golding’s story is confined to the microcosm ofRead Morebutterfly circus1458 Words   |  6 Pagesminute teaser â€Å"If you could only see the beauty that can come from ashes† Butterfly Circus is a 20 minute dramatic short film which is a testament to the power of hope and faith in oneself. It is a wonderful reflection of the themes of good and evil, man vs. man, man vs. himself and hope conquers all. It can be viewed as a religious film but need not be. If you believe in yourself, you will be saved. Synopsis During the Great Depression, the Showman of a renowned circus starring those withRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s The Haunted Palace Essay943 Words   |  4 PagesPalace is a perfect example of Gothic literature, that also has a twist on romance. The Haunted Palace is one of Poe s most explicitly allegorical poems. In regard to Poe s most predominant theme here, it would be Gothic Romance. While each of his stories has some theme variation, a universal theme for all of Poe s Gothic stories is the dark nature of mankind. Poe was a Dark Romantic which means that while he agreed with the supernatural elements, focus on nature, and strict poetic structureRead MoreEssay on Oral Dracula From A Reader And Femminist Perspective1431 Words   |  6 Pages Bram Stokers â€Å"Dracula† an oral presentation Good Morning/Afternoon Today I will review Bram stokers’ 1897 novel Dracula, the approaches I will be using to reviewing the novel include the world centred approach, and the reader response approach exploring the themes of reader positioning and the authors intented reading and reader, then focusing on the world centred approach of the feministtheory. reader centred -attention on the reader -different readers from different social, cultural, religiousRead MoreOral Dracula from a Reader and Femminist Perspective1443 Words   |  6 PagesBram Stokers Dracula an oral presentation Good Morning/Afternoon Today I will review Bram stokers 1897 novel Dracula, the approaches I will be using to reviewing the novel include the world centred approach, and the reader response approach exploring the themes of reader positioning and the authors intented reading and reader, then focusing on the world centred approach of the feministtheory. reader centred -attention on the reader -different readers from different social, cultural, religiousRead MorePaganism In Beowulf1182 Words   |  5 Pagesboth religions. Though paganism was very popular throughout this poem, it showed a mixture of the two beliefs. These beliefs played a major role in the society of the seventh century, and these themes are still shown in today’s society. As students of literature we see that these universal themes of good and evil are not only evolving but also causing mankind to feud with one another. Furthermore, in the poem Beowulf it tells of a time when the Geats and Danes encountered many conflicts because ofRead MoreBinary Oppositions Vs. Evil1190 Words   |  5 Pages Have you ever tried to examine a piece of writing? Did you see a connection between characters, plots, themes? One thing you might not have noticed is binary oppositions. Now all readers will see some universal oppositions such as good vs. evil, but as Corey Martin said in his paper there are many oppositions in literature, some are noticeable, some are not. Now why would a reader want to look for binary oppositions in literature? Quite simply binary oppositions add some familiarity to the workRead MoreTheme Of Good And Evil In Beowulf1190 Words   |  5 PagesIn the beginning all was good; there was no evil. The start of evil was marked when a jealous angel, Satan, desired equality to God. He thrust an ever-lasting battle into play when he battled God for supremacy. One-third of all the angels in heaven, including Satan, were thrown from heaven onto Earth. God’s perfect creation became faulted when the fallen angel, Satan, tempted Adam and Eve into eating a forbidden fruit. By partaking of the forbidden fruit, sin was born on Earth. The birthing of such

APUSH Free Essays

Apush Free Essays string(87) " attempted to uphold strong nationalistic principles in a time of rowing sectionalism\." CHAPTER 11 * The tie between Aaron Burr and Jefferson meant that Jefferson had to be elected by the house of reps. * Jefferson and his secretary kept financial policies like funding, assumption, and the Bank of the U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Apush or any similar topic only for you Order Now in place. * The Jeffersonian Republicans showed their hostility by trying to impeach Justice Samuel Chase. * Marbury vs. Madison established judicial review; the right of the Supreme Court to declare legislation unconstitutional. * Jefferson cut the army to 2500 men because he thought a large army was a threat to liberty and economy. Jefferson’s deepest doubt about the Louisiana Purchase was that the purchase might be unconstitutional. * Lewis and Clark expedition demonstrated the viability of an overland American route to the Pacific. * After 1805, American shipping was severely hurt by trade restrictions imposed by both the British and French. * After the Chesapeake Affair Jefferson could have easily declared war on Britain with the enthusiastic support from both the Federalists and Republicans. (what is Chesapeake affair? ) * Jefferson’s embargo badly hurt Federalist New England as well as southern and western farmers. New Englanders overcame the effects of the emba rgo by trading illicitly with Canada and developing more domestic manufacturing. * The most revolutionary development in the critical election of 1800 was the peaceful transition of power form one political party to its opponent. * One federalist policy that Jefferson quickly overturned was the excise tax. * Jefferson was forced to reverse his strong opposition to substantial military forces b/c of the plunder and blackmailing of American shipping by North African states. Although greatly weakened after Jefferson’s election, the Federalist party’s philosophy continued to have great influence through the federalist judicial rulings of John Marshall * The tern â€Å"midnight judges† refers to Federalist judges appointed by Pres. John Adams at the last moments of his administration. * The republicans failure to impeach Supreme Court justice Samuel Chase established the principle that impeachment should be used only for â€Å"high crimes and misdemeanors† and not as a political weapon. * Jefferson focused his military construction policy primarily on building several hundred small gun boats. Embargo Act prohibited all foreign trade. * The crucial foreign goal for many â€Å"war hawks† in the war of 1812 was the capture and annexation of Canada. * Tecumseh and the prophet created a pan Indian military alliance against white expansion and also urged Native Americans to resist white ways and revive their traditional culture. * Native American resistance east of the Mississippi river was effectively crushed in the two battles of Tippecanoe and Horseshoe Bend. CHAPTER 12 * Napoleons decision to repeal his blockage decrees in response to Macon’s Bill No. 2 demonstrated how Madison was manipulated by napoleon. The large western delegations in Congress were very concerned about foreign policy issues such as Canada and maritime rights. * A good deal of western hostility to Britain arose b/c the war hawks believed that the British w ere supplying the Native Americans. * New Englanders did not want to acquire Canada at all. * Even though the New England shippers were most affected by overseas trade they did not want to confront Britain on issues for impressment and maritime rights. * American naval forces under Perry and Macdonough thwarted British-Canadian invasion threats to Detroit and upstate New York. Clay’s and Calhoun’s plans for an extensive system of federally funded roads and canals were blocked by Republican presidents who had constitutional objections. * The Era of Good Feelings under President Monroe was broken by the Panic of 1819 and the battle over slavery in Missouri. * B/c of its wildcat banking practices and land speculation, the west was hit especially hard in the panic of 1819. * Missouri compromise: Missouri a slave state, Maine a free state and no more slavery would be permitted in the Louisiana Purchase territory north of the southern boundary of Missouri. John Marshalls Sup reme Court rulings generally defended the power of the federal government against the power of the states. * The greatest American military successes of the War of 1812 came in the naval battles on the Great Lakes and elsewhere. * Two prominent American military heroes who emerged from the War of 1812 were Oliver Hazard Perry and Andrew Jackson. * The American victory in the Battle of New Orleans proved essentially meaningless b/c the peace treaty had been signed several weeks before. * The terms of the treaty of Ghent nding the War of 1812 provided that the two sides would stop fighting and return to the status quo before the war. * One significant consequence of the War of 1812 was an increase in domestic manufacturing and economic independence. * A significant international consequence of the war of 1812 was a growth of Canadian patriotism and nationalism. * The new nationalistic feeling right after the war of 1812 was evident in the development of a distinctive national literatu re, an increased emphasis on economic independence, and a new pride in the American army and navy. * MuCulloch vs. Maryland: Justice John Marshall said that the federal bank of the U. S. was constitutional and no state had the right to tax it. * Daniel Webster joined John Marshall in expanding the power of the federal government at the expense of the states. * Andrew Jackson’s invasion of Florida led to permanent acquisition of the territory after Secretary of State Adams further pressured Spain to cede the area to the U. S. * The original impetus for declaring the Monroe doctrine came from a British proposal that American join Britain in guaranteeing the independence of the Latin American republics. The Monroe Doctrine asserted that the U. S. would not tolerate further European intervention or colonization in the Americas. * The immediate effect of the Monroe Doctrine at the time it was issued was very little. CHAPTER 13 * The â€Å"New Democracy† was based on the ending of property qualifications for the ballot in most states. * The voters failed to give an electoral majority to a ny candidate in 1824, so the house of reps. had to choose the president form among the top three candidates. * President Adams attempted to uphold strong nationalistic principles in a time of rowing sectionalism. You read "Apush" in category "Papers" The south and its leading spokesman, Calhoun, favored the tariff of 1816 but opposed the stronger tariff of 1828. * The election campaigns of 1828 were more about personalities and mudslinging than on the issues of tariffs and popular democracy. * The election of 1828 was in some ways a â€Å"revolution† of the common people of the West and South against the older, entrenched governing classes of the East. * The Jacksonians practiced their belief that the ordinary citizen was capable of holding almost any public office w/o particular qualifications. * One consequence of the spoils system was the building of the powerful political achienes based on favors and rewards distributed to political supporters. * In the Hayne-Webster deba te, the southerner Hayne defended the doctrine of nullification by the states, while Webster attacked it as contrary to a union formed by the while American people rather than by the states. * An essential cause of the â€Å"New Democracy† was the increased stake in politics felt by ordinary citizens after the panic of 1819 and the Missouri Compromise. * A new, more democratic method of nominating presidential candidates was the national nominating convention. * The Jacksonian charge of a â€Å"corrupt bargain† to gain J. Q. A. the presidency arose b/c Clay was named secretary of state after throwing his support to Adams. * The New Democracy arose partly b/c economic distress and the issue of slavery in Missouri stimulated a heightened public awareness of politics. * One political innovation that illustrated the new popular voice in politics was the rise of national party conventions to nominate presidential candidates. * Adam being stubborn and prickly, his support for national roads, a notional university, and an astronomical observatory, and his anti-western land and Indian policies made his presidency a political failure. In the battle over the â€Å"Tariff of Abominations,† New England backed high tariffs while south demanded lower duties. * Under the surface of the South’s strong opposition to the â€Å"tariff of Abominations† was a fear of growing federal power that might interfere in slavery. * John C. Calhoun’s theory of â€Å"nullification† was based on the idea that states should be able to declare invalid those laws they deemed unconstitutional. * The concept of a political â€Å"revolution of 1828† rests on the increased involvement of ordinary voters in the political process. One of the central beliefs of the new Jacksonian democracy was that office holding should be open to as many ordinary citizens as possible. * One consequence of the spoil system was an increase in incompetence and corruption in government. * The Peggy Eaton affair contributed to the bitter, personal political conflict between Andrew Jackson and Calhoun. * Jackson’s Maysville Road veto signaled his opposition to Henry Clay’s American System. * In his debate with Hayne, Daniel Webster argued that the federal government had formed by the people and the states had no right to nullify federal law. CHAPTER 14 * Jackson ended South Carolina’s threat of nullification and secession by political pressure, compromise, and the threat of military action. * No states backed up South Carolina and their act of nullification against the federal government. * Jackson used his veto of the bill to recharter the bank of the U. S. to mobilize the common people of the west against the financial elite of the east. * The anti-Masonic third party of 1832 appealed strongly to American suspicion of secret societies and to anti-Jackson evangelical Protestants. * Jackson finally destroyed the Band of the U. S. y moving federal deposits to state banks; the independent treasury was not established until 1840. * Jackson defied the Supreme Court and ordered eastern Indians removed to Oklahoma. * American settlers in Texas clashed with the Mexican government over issues of slavery, immigration, and legal rights. * The Whig party eventually coalesced into a strong anti-Jackson party with a generally nationalistic outlook. * Van Buren suffered the bad effects of the anti-bank battle, especially in the panic of 1819. * The Whigs pretended that Harrison was from a poor background to form the basis appeal. Van Buren last the election of 1840 partly b/c voters connected him with the hard times caused by the panic of 1837. * The Whigs favored harmony and activism. The Democrats favored liberty and equality. * The two-party system placed a premium on political compromise within each party and thus tended to reduce the ideological conflict between the parties. * The nullification crisis in South Carolina ended when Henry Clay pushed through a compromise tariff that enabled South Carolina to save face. * Jackson’s veto if the bank recharter bill represented a bold assertion of presidential power on behalf of western farmers and other debtors. Among the new political development that appeared in the election of 1832 were third-party campaigning, national conventions, and party pla tforms. * Jackson’s Specie Circular declared that all public lands would have to be purchased with â€Å"hard† or metallic money. * One of Andrew Jackson’s weapons in his was against Nicholas Biddle’s Bank of the U. S. was removing federal deposits from the bank and transferring them to â€Å"pet† state banks. * One important result of President Jackson’s destruction of the bank of the U. S. was the lack of a stable banking system to finance the era of rapid industrialization. In theory, the U. S. government treated the Indians east if the Mississippi River as sovereign nations with whom the government negotiated and signed binding treaties. * Some eastern Indian peoples like the Cherokees were notable for their development of effectiveness agricultural, educational, and political institutions. * In promoting his policy of Indian removal, Jackson defied rulings of the U. S. Supreme Court that favored Cherokees. * The end result of Jacksonâ⠂¬â„¢s Indian policies the forcible removal of the most southeastern Indians to Oklahoma. * A particular source of friction b/w the gov’t. f Mexico and the immigrant settlers in Texas was the settlers’ importation of slaves. * In the aftermath of the successful Texas Revolution, Texas petitioned to join the U. S. but was refused admission. * The panic of 1837 and subsequent depression were caused by overspecutlation and Jacksons financial policies. * Whig Party: Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. Tended to favor a strong federal role in economic and moral issues. CHAPTER 15: * American frontier life was often plagued by poverty and illness. * The influx of Irish immigrants contributed to the rise of nativism and anti-Catholicism. Most early American manufacturing was concentrated in New England. * The principle of â€Å"general incorporation† permitted individual business people to apply for limited-liability corporate charters from the state legislatures. * The ear ly industrial revolution involved jobs with long hours and low wages. * Early labor unions made very slow progress; partly b/c the strike weapon was illegal and ineffective. * The steel plow and mechanical reaper helped turn American farmers from subsistence farming to commercial, market-oriented agriculture. * By 1840, canals were cheaper and more effective than highways. The Erie Canal’s great economic effect was to create strong east-west commercial and industrial links b/w the Northeast and the West (Midwest). * The railroad met much early opposition, especially from canal interest. * In the sectional division of labor that developed before the civil war, the south generally provided raw materials to the Northeast in exchange for manufactured goods, transportation, and commercial services. * Most women remained outside the market economy, in the home. * American industrial cities were the sites of a slow but steady rise in wage rates for most workers. By the time of the c ivil war, telegraph lines had been stretched across both the Atlantic Ocean and the North American continent. * The experience of frontier life was especially difficult for women. * As late as 1850, over one-half of the American population was under the age of thirty. * The primary economic activity in the Rocky Mountain West before the civil war was fur-trapping. * Americans came to look on their spectacular western wilderness areas especially as one of their distinctive, defining attributes as a new nation. The American painter who developed the idea for a national park system was George Catlin. * Two major sources of European immigration to America in the 1840’s and the 1850’s were Germany and Ireland. * One Consequence of the influx of new immigrants was an upsurge of anti-Catholicism. * Industrialization was at first slow to arrive in America b/c there was a shortage of labor, capital, and consumers. * The first industry to be shaped by the new factory system of m anufacturing goods was textiles. * Wages went up for most American workers in the 19th century except for women and children. A major change affecting the American family in the early 19th century was a decline in the average number of children per household. * The first major improvements in the American transportation system were steamboats and highways. * The new regional â€Å"division of labor† created by improved transportation meant that the south=cotton, the west=grain and livestock, and the east= manufacturing. * One effect if industrialization was a rise in the gap between rich and poor. * A major new technological development that linked America more closely to Europe was the transatlantic cable. How to cite Apush, Papers Apush Free Essays The Sunflower Over the summer we read the book â€Å"The Sunflower†, a story written by Simon Waistlines. The story consists of a man named Simon having to make a choice of to forgive someone that has brought him great pain. Simon Is faced with Nazi asking for forgiveness for all the people he has killed over the years. We will write a custom essay sample on Apush or any similar topic only for you Order Now Simon makes a choice but later regrets It. The book â€Å"The Sunflower† starts with Simon Waistlines being put Into a concentration camp during the Holocaust. He lives his life as a prisoner day by day until one day he is taken with a group to clean trash at a hospital. While walking through the town to the hospital he sees a cemetery for Nazi soldiers. He noticed that each grave had a single sunflower planted on top of it. When Simon reaches the hospital he is called inside by TA nurse who brings him too patient’s room. The room he was brought to was the one of a dying Nazi named Karl. Simon was stuck in Kart’s room listening to his story about what he has done to Jews, the people he has killed and his mother. When Karl is done telling his story, he begs Simon for forgiveness. Without answering Simon leaves. He couldn’t decide whether it was a good idea or not to forgive the Nazi. The day after, Simon is brought back to the hospital. The nurse again brings him inside and instead of going to the patient’s room she gives him Kart’s possessions. Karl had passes away the night before. One day after Simon is freed from the camp, he goes to visit Kart’s mother’s house. He thinks it will help him decide whether or not he made the right decision of not forgiving Karl. After he speaks to her, he still can’t decide whether he made the right decision. At the end of the story he asked the reader what they would have done the same thing. I understand why Simon made that decision he did. I would’ve done the same thing. In anger a lot of decisions are made. Simon was Just very angry with Karl because he killed his own people. Asking for forgiveness from something Like that Is a big thing. If I were Simon I would’ve done the same exact thing. I would have been angry with the man who killed a lot of my family friends and to ask for forgiveness after too. I would have never forgiven that man. Push By Holloway 4 forgive someone that has brought him great pain. Simon is faced with Nazi asking for later regrets it. The book â€Å"The Sunflower† starts with Simon Waistlines being put into a until one day he is taken with a group to clean trash at a hospital. While walking hospital he is called inside by TA nurse who brings him to a patient’s room. The room speaks to her, he still can’t decide whether he made the right decision. At the end of because he killed his own people. Asking for forgiveness from something like that is a How to cite Apush, Papers

Essay about Operations Concept and its Application to a Business Situ

Question: Write an essay about your research into an operations concept and its application to a business situation. The aim of the essay is to explain to an intelligent person, with no specialised knowledge of operations management, the concept on which your research was based and the extent of its application to the operations tasks in a manufacturing or service organisation. Answer: Introduction The concept of operations management deals with the systematic designing, process formulation and direction which deal with transformation of the inputs into appropriate products and services for both internal and external customers. A process is defined as an activity that takes into consideration the input and caters to the transformation process to provide the outputs to its customers. The external customers are the ones who is an end user or an intermediary (these include retailers, financial setups and manufacturers). The internal customers are the ones who rely on the inputs drawn from the processes in order to perform a certain task. The main relevance of the concept lies in inputs, processing the operations and formulation of the desired outputs. The inputs of the operations processes include energy, workers, managers, equipment, facilities, materials and land. The operations processes are further dependant on the external environment and information on performance. The outpu t of the operational process is to produce the intended goods and service (Collier and Evans 2014). General discussion According to Chaudhari (2013), two important areas where this concept can be applied are in service and manufacturing processes. Manufacturing characteristics define the physical durability, inventorying, capital intensive techniques and quality measurement. Some of the important characteristics of operations management in services include intangible, labor-intensive techniques and shortening of response time. The transformation of various manufacturing processes takes into consideration the changing physical properties, size, shape and the final product. The overall output of the various processes involved in manufacturing can be further used for transportation purposes, storage and anticipation of future demand. If the processes doesnt change the physical properties, shape or size of the product then it is considered under Service category. The processes related to service are intangible and perishable in nature. Unlike the manufacturing outputs the service outputs cannot be stored in the inventory. The main difference between the processes related service and manufacturing is the level of customer contact. The service processes shows a higher degree with customer response and thus customers may take an active participation in the process. On the other hand manufacturing process tend to have a lesser customer participation. This particular process does not need to keep a direct contact with the consumers. The managers should be able to recognize that event of customer response which is required while designing up the process in the respective areas (Amit and Zott 2012). The concept of implementation of operations management in service process has been studied through a real-life practical scenario of a Progressive Insurance business started in the year 1937. The company earned $ 1.3 billion as revenue in 1991 and by 2011 it was further able to earn $14 billion as annual premiums. This was possible due to operations innovation which led to designing of the entire process from scratch. The innovation process included strategies for customer satisfaction and retention. The website of the progressive insurance company enables the agents to quickly access payments, viewing of policy, information related to claims and thereby send quotation directly to the customers via email. This immense procedure to settle the claims allowed the customers and the claimants to contact the progressive representatives via telephonic conversation 24 hours a day. Thus several other operational innovations assisted the company in terms of customer relationship order fulfillm ent. In this way the claimants received a faster service thereby retaining the old customers. The shortening of the cycle time of the operations reduced the costs associated with the process. The operational plan implemented in progressive insurance had the ability to detect fraud by quickly arriving at the accident scene and minimizing the payouts as claimants are often content with lesser money if the payout processes quick, easy and a hassle free. An example of the same can be seen in manufacturing industry related to tailor production such as Urban outfitters use operational management in their procure to pay cycle. The order cycle is improved through economic ordering quantity and this allows the company to order products based on the demand and available capacity of the inventory. The application of EOQ significantly brought down the holding cost of the items. Hence the manufacturing process was able to get a boost through appropriate ordering of raw materials (Willis et al. 2 013). Conclusion The most important management task for the service process was to add value to its products and linking of the various operations processes, competitive goals and marketing of the services. Thus the net effect of progressive insurance was that the company maximized its value and advertised its popular products. The second important management tasks related to manufacturing processes was aimed to reduce the lead time of the inventory management and improved ordering of the products. The net result of urban outfitters was a reduced carrying cost and efficient procurement of the raw materials. Reference List Amit, R. and Zott, C., 2012. Creating value through business model innovation. MIT Sloan Management Review, 53(3), p.41. Chaudhari, B.R. 2013, Operations Management Delivers Dividends, Penton Media, Inc., Penton Business Media, Inc. and their subsidiaries, Overland Park. Collier, D.A. Evans, J.R. 2014, OM: operations management, 5th ; student 5. edn, Cengage Learning Australia, South Melbourne, Vic. Willis, D., Rolnik, D., Renwick, G., Michael, D., Ling, R., Gehrmann, D., Chiang, F., Callahan, P. and Alfred, T., Progressive Casualty Insurance Company, 2013. Customizable insurance system. U.S. Patent 8,433,588.

Hotel and Responsibility in Environmental Issues Essay Example

Hotel and Responsibility in Environmental Issues Paper Since this industry makes such money to countries, people will concern more about development or expansion in the industry to gain more money to nations. Hotel plays an important role in tourism and hospitality industry, as hotel is a place where people live in when they are traveling. Since a number of travelers increase rapidly, a number of hotel also grows simultaneously in order to fulfill the demand from those travelers, so the growth in this sector affects environment as it causes a change in using land for building accommodations (About Thai green hotel, n. . ). However, hotels also plan strategies to deal tit environmental problems too. Therefore, I will discuss the reason why a hotel sector is the major cause and analyze the way they act to be responsible for environmental issues. The reason why hotel sector causes the major damage on environment is that when people begin construction, they need a land for their buildings, then they will look for the prime location that has the most beautiful view. In this circumstance, it means that the locations, which are near or in the environment zone, are the best site. This situation will be resulted in deforestation as when they build a hotel; they need to clear the land first. That means hotels have to cut all trees in order to start and continue their construction (JINEE, 2001). Surprisingly, ski resort is another example that obviously shows negative impacts on environment. To create skiing pathway, they have to remote all tall trees, and use machine-leveled to remove stumps and slope unevenness (Burt Rice, 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on Hotel and Responsibility in Environmental Issues specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Hotel and Responsibility in Environmental Issues specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Hotel and Responsibility in Environmental Issues specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Consequently, these acts will remove or disturb the topsoil and vegetation (Burt Rice, 2009). Moreover, the hotel industry is also considered as it is the major cause of depletion of natural resources because the impacts from hotel facilities are Geiger than effects caused by the other types of buildings that have a similar size. About 75 percent of impacts on natural resources are caused by hotel industry as this sector overuses non-durable products, energy and water (Cannelloni Robins, 2010). For example, in term of fresh water resources, a hotel that provides golf course consumes a large amount of water which is equal to the amount Of water that is used by 60,000 rural villagers (JINEE, 2001 In addition, hotels are one significant cause that destroy the ecosystem of the nature. As the information above, the wonderful action to establish hotel buildings are near the destination or surrounding with environmental places, so the hotel industries concentrate on this to attract tourists. Many hotels construct their building trespass the environmental area of the nature and that leads to a lot of effect in terms of ecosystem issues. To illustrate the idea,the Hydrolysis underwater hotel,the a luxury hotel 66 feet underwater in Dublin, provides a lot of facilities ,such as indoor ski, deluxe underwater restaurants and human-made beach, to draw very wonderful image of the hotel (Blain,2007). Nevertheless, in the beautiful mage of the looking and the brand of the hotel, it covers the criminal image to the environmental issue. This hotel was constructed without concerning marine environment issues. As the land they located have stolen the home of some fish underwater world, even worst this is still create pollutions that this hotel will make when they run their business, since release the trash or polluted water to the sea or even expand the hotel land which is destroyed the home or CEO-system of the fish bit by bit. Imagine that all hotels around the world do these things every day and they still continue this in the future. Natural resources and environment will be gone soon. Therefore, hotel sector is the cause environmental problem that we cannot neglect. Since hotel industry is recognized to be responsible to environmental impacts, they cannot pretend like they do not care anymore otherwise they will face with pressures from travelers, society and regulations. For instance, green travelers demand for green hotels (Brown, 1996). Then many hotel groups develop and launch their own green programs (Brown, 1996). The first sample is initiatives of Marriott group. They have five goals of corporate environmental responsibility to achieve, which are reducing water and energy consumption, creating green standard for hotel developers, greening hotels under their chains, educating guests, and associates to preserve nature and investing innovative conservation These will gain cooperation from customers in preserving nature and hotels also can reduce consumption. Another example is Stardom group. Their green visions emphasize on reusing, recycling materials, and reducing wastes (Green vision, n. D). They use recycled carpet cushions and use glassware and flat ware in order to reduce plastic or paper wastes. The Apex hotel in London also another example of green hotel, and this hotel got 19 awards in terms of environment issues (Environmental The first interesting green of policy of this hotel is that this hotel works with supplier partners to reduce their packaging and transport to hotels (Environmental Awards,201 0). This policy benefits to both tourist and environment because this campaign will reduce the risk to make pollutions and also encourage tourist to get low-price package tours. Another beneficial green policy of this hotel is all the stuffs they used are CEO-friendly chemicals and also traditional. The first policy that they focus on the traditional material to support the local citizens income. Plus, they also look at the environmental concerning by using CEO-friendly chemical stuffs such as toilet paper. This policy is beneficial for tourists health either because most of stuffs is less chemical. The green campaigns from those three chain groups indicate that they pay attention on environment. For me, I think all of this solutions are indirect which cannot replace the value of tree are destroyed for the land. They should reforestation some places for fulfill the carbon that get lost. Hence, although the hotel sectors are accountable for natural damages, they know what they have to do to reduce or prevent those environmental issues. Now we know how hotel industry responsible for environmental issues, but are they do this just because of this issues? Although hotels campaigns seem to be in good will, but if we think more critically, we will see that they are not. Actually, there is a link between companys finance and environmental performances as the benefit from being green hotel is cost saving (Creaser, pride, Rowland-Jones, 2005). In business, if there is a way to cut expenses, people will do it immediately to maximize the profits. Hence, hotel industry sees green concept of corporate environmental responsibility as the Way to minimize their cost. If they reduce the amount of Water and energy, this will help them save money. For example,the Holiday Inn in British Columbia reported that they saved roughly SUDS 1 6,000 per year and reduced 28 percent from energy usage by installing occupancy sensors which will monitor and then adjust temperature in each room automatically (Gracie Kennel, n. D. ). If other hotels know how much they can reduce expenses like the example mentioned above, they will embrace green concept instantly. In addition, to do green concept, it gives benefit in generating more revenue to hotels. According to Feasibility and Market Study for a European CEO-Label for Tourist Accommodation, all people in interviewing said that they consider information about environmental protection before they choose hotels (Cannelloni Robins, 2010). Since customers now concern about environmental issues, hotels use this opportunity of being green hotels to promote their hotels. Those hotels publicize their activities in order to enhancing their hotels image, which will make customers want to choose their hotels more and more. In the end, hotel is one who gain benefits because they can reduce expense and increase revenue at the same time. All these become the criticism that hotel industry does not sincerely accept social responsibility in environmental topics and those green activities are just a marketing strategy or, in other words, money is their motivation (Bodacious ; Central, 20 ID). In conclusion, although, at first, hotel sector is not responsible for environmental issues, now this sector grows faster to the point that they overly use natural resources and spoil environment. Furthermore, hotels are dead to deal with environmental issues by launching green projects, and they also use green programs as their marketing tactics to improving their corporate image. Even though hotel industry is not sincere in launching green projects to maintain wonderful nature without other hidden purposes, we can think optimistically about this.

A Study On Federal Reorganization Program Social Policy Essay Essay Example

A Study On Federal Reorganization Program Social Policy Essay Essay Example A Study On Federal Reorganization Program Social Policy Essay Essay A Study On Federal Reorganization Program Social Policy Essay Essay which is used to mensurate the degree of rising prices, overestimates rising prices by 1.1 per centum points. Since the CPI province that so much of Social Security payments must increase all over the twelvemonth due to rising prices, any over appraisal would be the authorities one million millions of dollars more to run. By cut downing the CPI by 1.1 % , the federal authorities would salvage $ 1 trillion over 12 old ages ( Wolf ) . That means Social Security Social Security is a power plan, which means that authorities financess are automatically provided to people that meet positive standards. Social Security is a claim plan which anyone over the age of 65 qualifies ; despite of their income 40 % of retired seniors depend on Social Security as their lone agencies of income. However, people like Bill Gates, and other millionaires should non be eligible for societal security. If those individuals are millionaires why do they necessitate more money they do non necessitate Social Secu rity. Persons who can back up themselves through retirement of an income of $ 50,000 a twelvemonth should non be eligible to use for Social Security. This is the job the authorities will confront when the Baby Boomers retire in the twelvemonth 2010. In 1950 there were 7.2 workers for each retired person. Today there are 3.2 workers for every retired person, and by the twelvemonth 2020 there will merely be 2.4 or less for each retired person. By the twelvemonth 2010-2015 Social Security is projected by the authorities to pay out more money than it could take in ( Wolf ) . Since the current Social Security took in a excess of $ 60 billion in 2008 with a jutting sum to be around $ 5 trillion they will hold adequate money to last another 10 old ages or so. All in all experts expect that Social Security will hold spent every penny it has by the twelvemonth 2030 Today s Social Security revenue enhancements throng out other nest eggs. Repairing the trust fund by raising revenue enhancements and cutting benefits would be to come up to merely do Social Security an even worse trade than it is now. More than 75 per centum of American labours pay more in Social Security revenue enhancements than they do in income revenue enhancements ( Kotlikoff ) . Based on the Social Security disposal its ain premises, paysheet revenue enhancement rates would hold to increase from 12.4 to 19.5 per centum for promised benefits to be paid. Even though such revenue enhancement additions might be adequate to pay future benefits, as a consequence the economic system would endure rough cost In the hereafter. Raising Social Security revenue enhancements plenty to maintain the authorities s to give the right to assure future retired persons would necessitate to duplicate or trebling the revenue enhancements. The rewards of the worker s will be taking 30 to 40 per centum from their wage look into to pay retirement benefits for the hereafter. Such revenue enhancement hikings are non moderately or possible. Social Security should non cut down the benefits of bing retired persons. In add-on, it must let Americans of all income degrees to construct a foundation for the hereafter. Many people think that Social Security revenue enhancement AIDSs are held in their ain histories for their ain retirement, but they re non. The Social Security we pay today goes to help the retired persons of today. Soon the figure of retired persons will outnumber the sum of people working and the financess for Social Security will cut down. Real reform will besides vouch that all workers receive an equal minimal retirement income. The benefits of current retired persons must non be reduced. Washington has a good contract with those who presently receive Social Security retirement benefits, every bit good as those who are so near to retirement that they have no other options for constructing a retirement nest egg. Any reform program must vouch in jurisprudence that seniors receive every cent that they have been promised, including an accurate one-year cost of populating addition. As a first measure to salvaging Social Security for future coevalss, Congress must go through a jurisprudence giving every already retired American a contract that provides a legal warrant of his or her Social Security retirement benefits. Finally, current workers should hold the pick of either fall ining a Social Security system that includes personal retirement histories or staying in the bing system and taking whatever benefit is available at the clip that they retire. The full Social Security retirement age, the benefits should be raise more. American senior citizens are populating longer and are in a good wellness than of all time earlier. This means they are passing more and more clip on Social Security so they have of all time done earlier. If the retirement age is raised, there will be a greater figure of people in the working force that will increase the sum of money traveling into Social Security. Since the age bound would be raised, fewer people would be on Social Security while more people would be working, which would hopefully make a excess more old ages to come. The chief ground for Social Security is for fiscal job is based on life span. We start populating longer and healthier lives. When Social security was created in 1935, at 65 twelvemonth old had an mean life anticipation of 12 + more old ages, today its 17 + and rise. Besides, 76 million babe boomers will get down to retire in approximately 2010, and in approximately 30 old ages at that place will about twice as many older Americans are at that place be today ( Wolf ) . Besides, at the same clip the figure of people working to lend to Social Security will drop from 3.3 to 2. Some of our elected functionaries propose raising the eligibility age to acquire full Social Security benefits as a manner of maintaining money in the system. The retirement age is already agenda to lift from 65 to 67 in the coming old ages, but they want to coerce us to work even longer. The foundation for this alteration is that, since life anticipation has increased, so should the length of the work life. As was noted earlier, since Social Security was signing in 1935, life anticipation at age 65 has increased by 3 old ages for work forces and 6 old ages for adult females. Furthermore, these life anticipations are projected to lift by a farther 3 old ages for both work forces and adult females by 2070. Increasing the retirement age would alleviate the force per unit area on Social Security funding by countervailing some of the addition in the aged dependence per centum caused by the ripening of the population. Rival of raising the retirement age greater length of service has non so far been accompanied by an addition in old ages worked so people are retiring earlier and earlier. Therefore, they need to wait to see how people accept the presently scheduled to increase to age 67. Second, challengers are disquieted that speed uping the alteration in the retirement age would ache those who are forced by hapless wellness or deficiency of employment chances to retire before 65. The jurisprudence already provides for an actuarial decrease in benefits of 20 per centum for those who retire at age 62 this decrease will lift bit by bit to 30 per centum with the scheduled addition in the normal retirement age to 67 ( Wolf ) . Increasing the retirement age beyond 67 would cut down the age 62 benefits further still. I think that Social Security revenue enhancements should be raised. If this was done, the sum collected from revenue enhancements might be able to stock up Social Security financess, and sup ply money for upcoming retired persons. This would assist work out the jobs with the expected diminishment of Social Security financess from the approaching retirement of the babe boomers. Repairing the system now will be less than waiting. Valuess for privatising portion of the system is the advancement of the accessible Social Security system should be preserved, reform should suggest drawn-out solvency for the system, reform should better just drama between members, should seek to increase economic efficiency by increasing the connexion between aid and benefits, and administrative costs should be minimized. Privatizing portion of the system could ache the current retired persons. In privatising portion of the system, no 1 should be forced into a system of personal retirement histories. I am in favour of privatising portion of the system. Peoples who do non work to pay for the current retired persons should non be able to have Social Security benefits when they retire. Privatizing the portion of the system would merely work if the reforms are determined and province every bit shortly as possible. This paper will discourse the current United States Social Security Tax system, the intent of that system and our end. Besides, it will explicate our probe of its current standing, different thoughts about what to alter in our current position to procure and vouch a strong hereafter for it. Our Social Security Tax System to procure its hereafter U.S.A. Social Security Tax System should work Social Security has been around for more than 60 old ages. It has been an of import portion of American life. It was created in 1935 shortly after the great depression. Social Security was created to be a protection for the American people against the jeopardies of unemployment, old age, and sick wellness. Today Social Security non merely provides minimal protection for the retired worker, it besides provides benefits for workers and their households due to decease of a household pay earner or loss of income due to disablement. Today there are about 150 million workers who are protected by Social Security more than 44 million receive retirement, subsisters and disablement benefits from societal security. The Social Security has made an immense difference for senior citizen s in their life s as a consequence that American workers can retire every bit early as age 62. At this age, pay earners are eligible to acquire reduced benefits from Social Security. Wage earners may wait for full retirement age to be eligible for full retirement benefits. Presently, full retirement age is 65, but it moved up bit by bit get downing in 2003. The new retirement age is 67 for people born in 1960 or subsequently. Social benefits payments are paid out to more than 9 in 10 retired persons. In America, merely 11 per centum of senior citizens live in hapless quality. With no Social Security benefits, the per centum of seniors populating in hapless would be much higher. Social Security is the major beginning of income for approximately two tierces of aged Americans, and for a 3rd Social Security is virtually their lone beginning of income. Retired Americans are given a reliable monthly income from Social Security. Automatic additions are attached to additions in the cost of life. Social Security gives retired American citizens a step of merited fiscal independency and that step is going lower every twelvemonth. Social Security is more than a retirement plan. It is besides a protection program for American citizens. Reducing benefits, increasing the retirement age, raising paysheet revenue enhancements, and privatising portion of the system this are the major parts of Social Security to better them and excessively safe the plan. Work Cite The Heritage Foundation, Web Memo # 143: Social Security Basics September 12, 2002. Mon, 23 November 2009. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.heritage.org/Research/SocialSecurity/wm143.cfm Basler, Barbara. AARP Bullet: Sick of Waiting November 2007. Mon 23 November 2009. Yourmetguru. Identity Theft Of Social Security Number Is One Of The Most Common Id Thefts. Zimbio, Oct-13-08, Mon 23 November 2009, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.zimbio.com/Identity+Theft/articles/471/Identity+Theft+Social+Security+Number+One Offensicht, Will. Simple Solutions for Social Security. Scragged. Published: December 6, 2007. Mon 23 November 2009, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scragged.com/articles/simple-solutions-for-social-security.aspx Wolf, Richard. USA Today: Social Security hits foremost wave of boomers November 2009 USA TODAY. Mon, 23, 2009. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-10-08-boomers_N.htm Kotlikoff, Laurence J. Privatizing Social Security Professor of Economics, Boston University. July 1998. Saturday 28, November 2009. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncpa.org/pdfs/st217.pdf Roosevelt, Franklin D. Presidential Statements Saturday 28, November 2009. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ssa.gov/history/fdrstmts.html Svihula, Judie, and Carroll L. Estes Social Security Privatization: An Ideologically Structured Movement. Journal of Sociology A ; Social Welfare 35.1 ( 2008 ) : 75-104. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 30 Nov. 2009. hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail? vid=7 A ; hid=5 A ; sid=6bc5c8cc-6802-4cdd-be08-6764259938eb % 40sessionmgr11 A ; bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPXVybCxjb29raWUsaXAsdWlkJnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl # db=aph A ; AN=31120715 hypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.com/books? id=MdhJ7pD6wngC A ; pg=PA278 A ; dq=social+security+privatization # v=onepage A ; q=social % 20security % 20privatization A ; f=false

Painters Keys Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Painters Keys Community - Essay Example These may all sound different from each perspective such as a painter might not be able to play the piano nor dance and a musician might not be able to paint, sculpt, or dance, but this fact does not alter the fact about art forms being related to one another. Just when a dance cannot be possibly performed without a piece – one that is a product of rhythmic and melodic tune - music is a necessity for a dance performance. Hence, a musical composer arranges his piece, which may be potentially used as a piece for a dance performance, while the choreographer relies his dance steps to the beat of the musical arranger. Likewise, a painter, a sculptor, and an architect, despite incongruity of their art forms, all agree towards the universal knowledge of lines, curves, and colors, which they use as a fundamental basis of their artwork. These are just few examples of how various artists function as a whole. The realm of arts takes a wide variety of forms in which people from various walks of life engage themselves for various reasons. One thing is certain though, that they undertake it for purposes of self-expression, entertainment, and appreciation enabling their rather drab existence become an artful and a less-menacing one. As artists express themselves through their artworks, they deliver a distinct essence of art appreciation rooted in history and social interaction. All artworks are thus, a product of both individual and social perceptions in which the artist partakes in his social surrounding and reflects this through his art. His art, whatever form it is, reflects the human condition, the social trend, and the human passion at the time it was created. It is to this end that various artists function as a whole in the realm of the arts. Another unifying factor of various artists is the incessant intent of the arts towards appreciation. This is one of the fundamental functions of the arts, if not ultimate, embodied in every piece of work as the

The origins of Industrial revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The origins of Industrial revolution - Essay Example Perhaps the first pastoral of its kind, if taken negatively, it would mean destruction of Luke and Michael both to some extent, as Luke could not live a positive life away from it and Michael could not live without the landscape and his son. The unprecedented evolving of society was diminishing the pastoral lifestyle in the late 18th century, and while mountains and land remained the same, shepherds and their herd were disappearing from the landscape. It was too early for the land to go through a transition, although industrial revolution was taken root in cities and was spilling over to rural space. The story is of Michael, a highly principles shepherd who lived with his wife and son, and had to send the son away to pay a debt on land. Luke was expected to go to industrial city to earn money and return to his land. But Luke fails to do so, falling prey into pitfalls of industrialization and fails to return home with the result that both his doting parents die heartbroken. A real event made Wordsworth to narrate the story with simple pathos. The effect of nature on man is highly evident, manipulating and overpowering him, to such an extent that when he is planted away from familiar space, he would be out of depth like Luke. The effect is powerful, overbearing and unbroken. With the advent of industrial revolution, Nature was losing its precious part, animals, and the continuation of pastoral human life that tended them. But there were choices in front of present generation represented by Luke, who had to choose between land and faraway options and this choice never existed for earlier generations and here industrial revolution becomes an alternative provider. "Though the industrial and agrarian revolutions may not have changed the appearance of the Lake District, they claimed the peasants' children. And the break-up of the family was a change which Wordsworth felt must be resisted," John Purkis (1970, p.57. When Michael was written, Britain was already going through the initial days of modernity and was losing her local identities and ecological landscapes. Wordsworth was aware that rural communities were losing their tie with land and were drifting towards cities. . REALISM Realism that reproduced visuals as eye sees it, almost photographic came into prominence in mid 19th century and continued beyond it and still remains as one the most favored form of art. Gustave Courbet who is revered as almost the initiator of Realism was unpredictable in his art. His Burial at Omans is perhaps the most impressive piece connected with the ongoing industrial revolution of the time. http://www.artchive.com/artchive/C/courbet/ornans.jpg.html Industrial Revolution had ushered in a sense of irreverence, acute reality, hardship and indifference in the society. It had defied the conventional piety, respect, honour and devotion and more than that, it has negated the class differences and gender equality is more pronounced with women opting to work. This made women more visible in all places, places of trade, mourning, market, and travel. Industrial revolution had introduced a defiant commonality into the European societies and the above painting

Article review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Review - Article Example It is important to note that this business is not restricted to a particular group of individual since any person can engage in it. For instance, a person operating a small candy shop who has not been licensed is participating in an undercover economy because he or she is not willing to pay taxes on income received from business sales. Additionally, it is very difficult to approximate what percentage of a country’s economy is undercover but it has been argued that capitalistic countries like United States of America have a smaller undercover economy compared to socialistic countries like Russia (Pascale 2010). When people evade paying their taxes, it is dangerous to the economy. If people do not engage in a cash transaction activity, their money in the bank does not get work as disbursed due to the undercover economy, then that capital does not account for anything thus having zero impact to the individual and to the larger economy. The underlying assumptions are that a person engages in undercover economy in order to tame the increasing costs of living due to inflation and stagnant salaries. Most of this people live in rural areas and some are not aware that they participating in undercover economy. In most cases, big firms are the ones that escape stringent policies set by the government because they tend to pay high taxes than any other business. There is no distinction between transparency and undercover economy in the government and business sector. Government and big businesses usually play games with taxpayers’ funds. The secondary claims in this article is that undercover economy is beneficial to the individual since he or she is in a position to use more money to fund his or her activities. However, the undercover economy greatly affects the nations GDP because there is no enough capital to fund government projects and

Amazon.com is a multinational ecommerce company

Amazon.com is a multinational ecommerce company Amazon.com is a multinational Ecommerce company, which was founded by Jeff Bezos who is considered to be one of the worlds top innovative executives. Amazon.com started as an online bookstore and expanded with time to sell almost everything. The role of information system in this company is a leading role, because the company is an online retailer. The company started as an online store for books to rapidly expand to sell everything such us beauty items, auto parts, apparel, electronics and groceries. Amazon has started as an online book retailer and later on has grown to sell products such as VHS, DVD, Computer software, furniture, food, music CDs and toys. The company has also been able to launch websites in different countries such as United Kingdom, Canada, France, Japan and Germany. By 2001 the market place of Amazon has been launched to enable Amazons customers to sell used books, DVDs and CDs Amazons logo shows an arrow that stretches from A to Z, which also forms a smile to indicate Amazons care for customers satisfaction. eBay on the other hand is one of Amazons rival online companies. Amazon.com has been an innovative company in its domain; therefore it attracted lots of competition from different companies. eBay as an example is a very strong competitor. It is the number one online auction website. It recruited more than 15000 employees. Just like Amazon, eBay provides customers with comprehensive web services such as: Search via keyword or phrase. Submit new items. Re-list items. Provides information about certain seller or bidder. eBay is considered to be the largest online trading company in the world. It was founded in 1995 to become one of the most popular online shopping sites in the world. It has over 100 million registered users internationally. It allows buyers and sellers from the around the word to facilitate sales of services and products and form a diverse international community. In order for users to be able to transfer money to sellers, eBay started up Pay Pal, which became the worlds largest online bank. Until 2005, eBay has enjoyed a decade of online auction monopoly. Right now it is challenged by google and it is no longer the worlds only online auction community. Information system: Amazon uses an information system (MIS) that focuses on the customer supplier relationship. It focuses on increasing intimacy between customers and suppliers. Amazon uses a sophisticated Information system and sophisticated techniques that allow Amazon to standardize the processes it uses in order to give customers high satisfying experiences. The website opens up with a search bar where customers can type down their desired item and then be able to sift through the data base where the item and similar items can be found. The customer once finding the desired item can give the option of ordering the item and buy it through credit card or gift vouchers that can be purchased through cashu. Once the item is shipped, the customer can receive it within few days up to few weeks depending on the destination required. Unlike its competitors, amazon.com does not ship items through warehouses owned by the company. Books for example are shipped directly from publishers; therefore, warehouses ar e not needed. These systems are managed by different technological applicants in order to help Amazons employees work with efficiency. Once a customer places an order, the management system would start working on reserving the item, schedule the shipment, make invoices and update the customers account and record. Amazon uses TPS (Transaction Processing Systems) in the process of the transaction done, as in once picking up the number of items needed the website calculates the total amount. It can also be seen in the preparation of invoices. DSS (Decision Support System) in Amazon can be seen in how Amazon presents its customers with the chance to choose items from a best selling list added to the home page. It is also implemented in a service provided by the website called â€Å"Look inside the book†. Customers are left with the choice to make a decision in buying a specific book or not by taking a look at random pages of the content of the book. It can also be seen in the typ e of shipment that is considered appropriate for the customer. ESS (Executive support system) is seen in the executives handling of queries and answering questions of customers. Amazon uses its own customized database called Amazon S3 (Amazon Simple Storage Service). It is predicted that with time, this system will take the place of Oracle databases because it is simple and less expensive. On the other hand, eBay uses Business 2 Business (B2B) information system. eBay works through a person 2 person process. Customers can search for items via eBay and then directly contact the seller by negotiating the price with other buyers. B2B can be seen through the way processes are made. Customers are in direct contact with buyers and the transaction and money transfer occurs through PayPal, which is an individual website by itself-though it is fully owned by eBay-. eBay has a massive oracle database that includes over 200 million registered users, two petabytes of data, ECRM: Amazon takes the privacy of its customers very seriously. It is true that it keeps a profile about its customers according to what they buy and what items they are interested in, but it does not sell information about its customers to other companies. It also verifies the price of the item ordered to ensure items are not mispriced. This is done to ensure the satisfaction of the customers. Amazon manages knowledge through allowing customers to be able to see pages of the books desired for purchase. On the other hand, customers cannot review a whole book nor can they print the pages. Customers are only allowed to review pictures of the reviewed pages and not the actual page. This method has been used by Amazon to prevent violation of copyrights as well as manage knowledge. E-CRM (E-Customer Relationship Management) can be easily seen on Amazon.coms webpage. Amazon uses E-CRM by suggesting items to the customers based on previous purchases. As an example, previously I have bought the Kindle reading device through Amazon.com. This picture shows recommended items other customers with similar purchases have bought. The second part also shows books that I might be interested in. Amazon.com. 2010. Todays Recommendations For You. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.amazon.com/gp/yourstore?ie=UTF8ref_=pd_irl_gwsignIn=1. [Accessed 05 May 10]. Amazon has also provided its customers with special features. They are: Products and pricing information retrieval. Customer reviews. Wish lists retrieval. Performing simple and advanced searches. Updating Shopping carts. eBays reputation of being the biggest online auction house in the world has attracted hackers and fraudsters who find it easier to access illegal information about customers and their accounts. This led criminals to sell fraud and sell knock-off and fake items. eBay works hard on detecting fraud activities on its website and considers this as its core activity of its business in order to provide its customers with safety and security. eBay uses whois domain in order to provide its customers with the highest security system. wikipedia. 2010. WHOIS. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whois. [Accessed 23 May 10] eBay uses whois to fight scam and phishing issues because of an epidemic scam that occurred few years back. The scammers used phishing emails that seemed to come from a trustworthy companies asking for customers financial information. With whois system, eBay was able to detect thousands of phishing attacks (1125 in 2005). Management challenges: Amazon has a competitive edge that shows its concern with its customers. This can be seen through making the shopping experience fun and easy for Amazons customers. Most of the online shopping standards were innovated by Amazon. One of the most obvious examples is the 1 click system, which allows returning customers to shop using one click instead of being forced to re-enter their information and payment method. Amazon.com has thought of a very intelligent idea to increase sales on the website. This has been done through inventing Kindle. Customers can purchase books for their kindle only through the website, and this can increase the sales of books sold on Amazon.com. eBay has a famous issue with â€Å"glitches† on its website. Many customers have been complaining about this issue for years. In 2009, the website had a whole day glitch and sellers suffered from losses. What these glitches do is that they disable search for items for a period of time. At some point, a glitch was responsible to delete an 11 years old account of a reliable user. Dan Goodin. 2007. The Register. [online] Available at: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/11/12ebay_glitches/. [Accessed May 25th 10] Online/offline communication: It seems that Amazon.com takes it customers needs and satisfaction very seriously. Amazon controls all operations between customers and vendors. Customers order the required products through Amazon, while Amazon contacts the specific vendor for the product, the customer does not have a direct connection with the vendor. This type of communication is an online communication, because the customers whole transaction occurs through Amazon.com. Customers are not transferred to the vendors homepage. The transaction does not occur through the vendors homepage as well. The whole process is done fully via Amazon.com, even the final payments and delivery systems. Even though shipments are done through vendors, Amazon.com has given instructions that all packaging happens in a specific way. Hence, the Amazon.com packages and boxes. Shipments can also be tracked through Amazon instead of communicating with the vendor directly. This proves that Amazon.com uses in online communication service with its customers, because it controls all the transaction starting from giving the customer choices for a product and ending with the products delivery, exchange and refunding. eBay works as a broker between sellers and buyers. Buyers and bidders can place their orders via eBay. Sellers ship items to the highest bidder, which means that eBay does not control the process of shipment or money transaction. Money is transferred directly to the seller through PayPal. This means that eBay is not involved in the process, because sellers control the process starting from deciding the price of the product and ending with the shipping of the product. Knowledge Management: There are two types of knowledge management, the usual knowledge management and Customers knowledge management. Amazon uses Customers knowledge management, because it is more efficient and innovative. Managers in Amazon.com are aware of the fact that customers are more knowledgeable than the company can realize. Knowledge is a key to competitiveness. Knowledge is managed through Amazon by motivating customers to share their knowledge by providing products reviews, customers order histories, suggestions based on customers prior orders. Amazon allows knowledge to be exchanged through its customers rather than keeping it within the company. The knowledge does not get lost this way because the more customers the company has, the more knowledge it gains. eBay manages knowledge through providing managers with the playbook concept and providing eBay customers with Whois. Playbook concept is about knowing the steps needed for success. It allows managers to take the necessary steps that would allow eBay to grow as fast as the managers want. Playbook works in setting the suitable conditions of electronic trading in order to allow certain areas to flourish and grow. Playbook consists of hundreds of web pages that include information that are considered to be a collective of wisdom for all eBay managers worldwide. It consists of updated topics about online marketing and management categories. eBay has also provided its customers with free available Whois data base so they can check the legitimacy of websites that are forwarded to them that may be part of a phishing scam. This database provides them with information about websites, if the information is incorrect, then it means that this website is part of a phishing scam. This comes under both eCRM and knowledge management, because it is a service presented to the customers that allow them to identify scammers while at the same time it provides them with the knowledge about which website is secure and which website is a fraud. References: Junnarkar, Sandeep, (2010) eBay taps business-to-business boom, [Online] Available: http://news.cnet.com/2100-1017-238000.html [March 15th 2010] Keith Regan. 2003. ecommerce times. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.technewsworld.com/story/20603.html?wlc=1275082118. [Accessed 29 January 03] Schoenfeld, E, 2005. The World According to Ebay. Enterprise Information System, [online]. 13, 2-4. Available at: http://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2005/01/01/8250238/index.htm [accessed 17th May 2010] wikipedia. 2010. WHOIS. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whois. [Accessed 23 May 10] Dan Goodin. 2007. The Register. [online] Available at: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/11/12ebay_glitches/. [Accessed May 25th 10] Gosnell, Denise. (2005) Professional Web APIs: Google ®, eBay ®, Amazon.com ®, MapPoint ®, FedEx ®, Indianapolis, Indiana:Wiley publication, inc. Shanahan, Francis. (2007) Amazon.com ® Mashups, Indianapolis, Indiana: Wiley Publication, inc.

The Negative Impact of Narcotic Regulations on Long Term Care Patients

A family sits by their loved one in the last hours of his life, supporting him in his time of need. He has resided in a long-term care facility for the past two years. As his organs slowly shut down, his body succumbs to immense pain. He is sweaty, his brow is furrowed, and each time he is touched to be cared for he moans. The morphine doses prescribed to handle his pain are no longer effective. In order to provide this patient with the best care possible, his nurse tries to contact the physician. It is the weekend and the nurse is only able to page the on-call doctor. She anxiously awaits a return phone call, while explaining this situation to his distressed family. The pain appears to be increasing. Twenty minutes later the physician calls her, and issues orders to increase the morphine doses. The nurse then contacts the pharmacy answering service and waits for the on-call pharmacist to return a call. In twenty more minutes the on-call pharmacist responds and informs the nurse that he needs to directly speak with the physician before she can legally give the medication and that he will contact her after this has occurred. In the interim, the patient dies in immense pain and the family is distraught that his last hour was spent in agony. This situation is playing out time and time again in long-term care facilities all over the United States as a result of regulation DEA-337N that was reinterpreted by the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) in January, 2010. The regulation states that a nurse has to be an agent of the prescribing physician to call in a narcotics prescription to a pharmacy (U.S. Department of Justice, 2010). In theory, this new regulation makes sense to prevent illegal acquisition of narcotics, but it is potential... ...dents, DEA-337N requires immediate revision. Patients in the long-term care setting can experience inordinate amounts of pain while waiting for physicians to arrange the dispensing of narcotic medications necessary for pain control. References United States Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration. (2010). Title 21 code of federal regulations Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Retrieved from http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/cfr/index.html Nursing's social policy statement. (2010). Sliver Spring, MD: American Nursing Association. Guido, G. (2010). Legal and ethical issues in nursing. Upper Sadle River, NJ: Pearson. Yukari, T, Noriko, M., & Okamoto, Y. (2010). Literature review of pain prevalence among older residents of nursing homes. Pain Management Nursing, 4(11), Retrieved from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/734065

Decision Making in DHL

Introduction: DHL commits its expertise in international express, air and ocean freight, road and rail transportation, contract logistics and international mail services to its customers. A global network composed of more than 220 countries and territories and about 275,000 employees worldwide offers customers superior service quality and local knowledge to satisfy their supply chain requirements. DHL accepts its social responsibility by supporting climate protection, disaster management and education. DHL is part of  Deutsche Post  DHL.The Group generated revenue of more than 53 billion euros in 2011. I will be discussing DHL from many aspects such as decision making and its effect on the organizational performance from the perspective of Cyert & March and compare it to Bursson theory. Also I will cover Zimmermen theory about rules and apply it to DHL case study. Finally I will examine the macro environment of DHL organization. Body: DHL was the global market leader in internati onal express shipping, overland transport, and air freight, as well as ocean freight and contract logistics.As of April 2011, its network covered more than 220 countries and territories worldwide in 120,000 destinations. It had many awards to its credit (Refer to Exhibit I for the details of awards won by DHL). According to Ken Allen, CEO, Express Division, DHL, â€Å"The express sector is one of the major drivers of global trade and we are excellently positioned to capitalize on this through our services which meet our customers’ domestic and international transport requirements, anywhere around the world. † Formal organization has its own specific function or functions.A university for example has the main function of promoting education. But it also promotes artistic, literary, athletic and other interests of the members. The principal function of the church is religion but it also promotes charitable, ethical, athelitic, recreational, educational and other activiti es. Thus the formal organization may have its latent as well as manifest functions. The formal organization has its own norms or rules of social behavior. Certain conducts are appropriate in certain organization. Formal organization lays down procedure to be followed by the members.Members of an organization have different statuses. Statuses imply division of labor. The division of labor is characterized of all organizations and in a sense; organization is synonymous with the division of labor. Organized actions in a formal organization are possible because of division of labor. Bureaucracy refers to the administrative aspect of the formal organization. It refers to the arrangement of the organization designed to carry out its day to day business. It is represented by a hierarchy of officials who are assigned different responsibilities and provided with different statuses and roles.The formal organization is based on rationality. The rationality of formal organizations has two sourc es- the predominance of rules that have been devised to help achieve definite results and the systematic reliance on knowledge in the operation of the organization. The formal organizations are relatively permanent. Some organizations last for longer time while others perish within a short period of time. According to Zimmerman he illustrates the inadequacy of the rational decision making approach.He shows that members of an organization are far from adhering to the rules and procedures that should inform their decision making; they instead use & understand these rules in everyday work in creative & adaptive ways. He wants to understand how organizational members actually make sense of & understand what these rules mean in practice. Studies assumes and accept the existence of clear rational , objective rules of decision making but are contrasted with actual practice. Zimmerman objects this view; he offers how these rules become alive: how formal plans are used by members to deal wit h every day work activities.He analyses how employees’ use of formal rules is determined by their attempts to achieve their view of their priorities. Activities of bureaucratic actors in a public assistance organization will be examined. To Zimmerman, following rigid or complex procedures impedes effective action. The analysis is concerned with the judgmental work of receptionists in assigning applicants to intake case-workers. This study investigates the variety of practices, operational meaning and situational relevance of policies and procedures for everyday organizational activities.Rules, policies, formal planning Researchers argue that rules and policies are to some degree abstract and general, and should not be treated as idealizations. Rules cannot completely reflect the changing organizational situations. Informal rules and policies usually develop, where personnel modify and redefine the rules in light of operating conditions. The formal plan of the organization is used and interpreted by personnel in a way that best suits their everyday work activities. Usually, procedures and rules are designed to ensure efficient achievement of formally defined goals.However, it is not always practical to strictly follow the rules, because of the ever-changing output of the many interactions of individuals. People use and understand the rules in everyday work in creative and adaptive ways. The chapter wanted to understand how organizational members actually make sense of and understand what the rules mean in practice. Receptionists made sense of the rules in subtle ways, and made decisions about when and how to use them in light of their experience and knowledge of applicants and situations.The problem is then how the formal plan of an organization could be used by its members to deal with everyday work activities and of what are the features that members use to recognize and interpret. Instruct others, about the operational intent & behavioral implications of such a plan. The sense of routine provides employees with: * A way to recognize the exceptional character of a given event. * The good grounds for suspending or otherwise modifying the rule as normally applied Suspension or bending a rule is considered a reasonable solution to minor dilemma.The use of formally prescribed procedure, viewed from the notion of their competent use becomes. * Not a matter of compliance or deviance (behavior) * But a judgmental work providing for the reasonableness of viewing particular action as essentially satisfying the provision of the rule Rules are not hard and fast social facts but are the result of continual interpretation and negotiation which produces an – ever shifting framework to be taken. Rules may be negotiated and changed and new rules also stand over and above organizational actors informing and shaping the emotional life of an organization.Rules are resources for action, but because contexts vary, they do not determine perform ance of individuals or their organization. Industry observers felt that like any other successful company, DHL’s success could be attributed to some of the basic strategies it had adopted: knowing the customers and solving their problems, expanding the business, and creating a win-win situation for all stakeholders. According to company officials, the opening of the new European hub at Leipzig/Halle in 2008 was an example of adhering to that old formula.While deciding on the location of this hub, not only did the DHL authorities focus on optimally locating its facilities, but they also planned for the company’s long-term future. DHL was also faced with having to train large numbers of new personnel. In three years’ time, 2,000 employees were qualified for their respective tasks at the hub. DHL estimated 2,000 employees were working at the hub in September 2008. Their number is expected to rise to approximately 3,500 by 2012. Nearly 90% of the newly employed work ers come from the region around the airport.Two-thirds of them were previously unemployed. Some 7,000 more jobs will likely be created in the surrounding area, bringing the total number of direct and indirect new jobs around the Leipzig/Halle hub to approximately 10,000. In addition, DHL is training young people in the various logistics and IT professions at the airfreight hub. With all the mentioned above DHL is a company who follows and respect the rules and that to succeeds and maintain success. With all the complexity in DHL as a formal organization, decision making can't be that easy as well.The political perspective is clearly identified by Cyert, March ; Miller , where they identified theories of decision making that are concerned with politics (Coalition aspect) ; processes (Problemistic search) where an activity is only initiated by an immediate problem rather than an orderly systematic process of search and analysis. ( as for Pettigrew). Here, Pettigrew view organizations and decision making as a political arena in which:; Political behavior follows the unequal distribution of resources ; the creation of specialized loyalties and perspectives thru organizational differentiation.Organizational units with different or conflicting interest, loyalties and mindsets struggle for advantage with obvious implications for the nature and outcome of decision making. Political activity is central to organizational structures and processes: divisions of interest result from the hierarchical nature of power. Power relations ; politics originate in the structure ; processes of the organization. Structures create specialism's which develop loyalties which in turn breeds politics. The heart of conflict, politics & co-operation is Power.Cyert and March propose two major organizing devices: a set of variable concepts and a set of relational concepts. They claim that Theory performs two major functions: * it is an exhaustive set of general concepts. * it has a set of rel ational concepts The exhaustive set of general concepts, the process of decision making can be analyzing in term of variables that effect organization goals, expectations and the variables that effect organizational choice. Organization goals: A theory of organizational goals considers how goals arise in an organization, how goals change over time, and how the organization attends to these goals.There are two sets of variables affecting the goals of an organization. As the international express business had been growing steadily over the previous few years and assuming that it would continue to expand in the future as well, the Leipzig/Halle site had developed the potential to become a crucial junction for the express and logistics specialists. At the same time, DHL considered an additional starting and landing capacity in Central Europe to be necessary, as the company’s existing European hub in Brussels had reached its threshold limit.The organization visions of labor becaus e individuals have limited capacities, and limited time, to devote to any particular aspect of the organizational system, such limitations constrain the bargaining process. As an adaptive response, coalition members are motivated to develop mutual control systems, such as the budget and the allocation of tasks by the division of labor and specialization. Set variables influence the aspiration-level on any particular goal dimension. There are three variables; the organization past goal, the organizations past performance, the past performance of other ‘comparable’ organization.Organization expectations: Expectations are seen as the result of drawing inferences from available information. Expectations are by no means independent of hopes, wishes, and the internal bargaining needs of subunits in the organization. Therefore a good theory for the organizational expectations should consider variables that affect either the process of drawing inferences or the process by which information is made available to the organization. Organization choice: A theory of organizational choice needs to characterize the process by which the alternatives available to the organization are ordered and selected.Organizational decisions depend on information estimates and expectations that ordinarily differ appreciably from reality. Choice takes place in response or influence. DHL considered an additional starting and landing capacity in Central Europe to be necessary, as the company’s existing European hub in Brussels had reached its threshold limit. Theory as set relational concepts, there are four fundamental concept to understanding of the decision-making process in a modern, large-scale business organization.The quasi resolution of conflict; uncertainty avoidance; problematic search and organizational learning. After we went through decision making, I'll analyze DHL with PEST analysis to understand its macro environment. PEST analysis  stands for â€Å"Polit ical,  Economic,  Social, and  Technological analysis† and describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used in the  environmental scanning component of  strategic management. Political  factors are how and to what degree a  government  intervenes in the economy.Specifically, political factors include areas such as  tax policy,  labor law,  environmental law,  trade restrictions,  tariffs, and political stability. Political factors may also include goods and services which the government wants to provide or be provided (merit goods) and those that the government does not want to be provided (demerit goods  or merit bads). Furthermore, governments have great influence on the  health,  education, and infrastructure  of a nation. In Leipzig/Halle, courier and express services are of vital importance to the efficiency and growth of the Leipzig/Halle economy.With Leipzig/Halle geographical position which is away from the centre of continent al Europe, fast and effective delivery services are essential for Leipzig/Halle businesses involved in international trade. Economic  factors include  economic growth,  interest rates,  exchange rates  and the  inflation rate. These factors have major impacts on how businesses operate and make decisions. For example, interest rates affect a firm's  cost of capital  and therefore to what extent a business grows and expands. Exchange rates affect the costs of exporting goods and the supply and price of imported goods in an economy.Advances in technology and the increasing use of e-commerce, combined with the courier and express sector's commitment to investing in IT, and have cushioned the industry from the worst effects of the recent global slowdown. Social  factors include the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis on safety. Trends in social factors affect the demand for a company' s products and how that company operates. For example, an aging population may imply a smaller and less-willing workforce (thus increasing the cost of labor).Furthermore, companies may change various management strategies to adapt to these social trends. In DHL a raft of government measures to tackle environmental pollution and congestion have increased costs for the, largely road-based, express logistics sector. Technological  factors include technological aspects such as  R&D  activity,  automation, technology incentives and the rate of  technological change. They can determine barriers to entry, minimum efficient production level and influence  outsourcing  decisions. Furthermore, technological shifts can affect costs, quality, and lead to  innovation.DHL used satellite-based navigation systems. The company planned to improve the system by including and analyzing more information concerning terms of traffic, traffic lights, and construction sites. Conclusion We co nclude that DHL can't operate without rules, it should consider and fear competition as it should take its decisions rationally without complexity. That by applying the above theories and understand them very well as an organization. I will be summering chapter 6 The Irrationality of Action and Action Rationality of: Decisions, Ideologies and Organizations.A decision is a choice between at least 2 alternatives. Decision making was explained by economists, political researchers as well as, psychologists and sociologists. Some individuals decide and others carry out the decisions. Researchers elaborated in the direction of rationality while other evidence shows that the process does not comply with rationality specially in strategic major issues. People are not clever enough to behave rationally. Therefore decision makers should be carefully selected. Irrationality is inherited in human beings which cannot be changed by training.Decision makers don’t have enough information on the many variables involved. Therefore, information systems may help to improve the process beside caring about objectives and alternative comparison. An action perspective to explain the process is more acceptable. Since leaders don’t only take decisions but also act and induce others to act on them. Since managers act while making decisions rationality of decisions take in consideration practical internal and external norms. Irrationality as a base of organizational actions 1. Searching for alternatives. 2. Estimating Consequences 3. Evaluating Alternatives . Choosing 5. Making Rational Use of Irrationality Rational decisions create irrational procedures from an action point of view. They should be avoided in order for an action to be taken. References: * Salaman, G. (2002) Decision Making for Business, London, The Open University/The Alden Press, Oxford. * Salaman, G. (2001) Business Behaviour in a Changing World: Module One Study Guide, London, The Open University. * http ://www. dhl. com. kw/en/about_us. html * http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/PEST_analysis * http://www. sociologyguide. com/organization-and-individual/formal-organizations. php